I remembered when I was a JC student in 2001, going through Chemistry lesson was rather tedious for me. FIrst chapter, BOOM…redox and mole concept suddenly became “so difficult” for me, incomprehensible.

I thought to myself: what kind of mole concept is this that I do not know how to answer? I thought I have understood it since O level.

Chemistry was not really my number one favorite and strong subject since Secondary/Junior High, so it’s rather strange that now I find myself teaching Chemistry.

I have always preferred Biology, as it makes more sense, probably because I can relate the subject to our everyday life better?

I always like to make sense of things when I am learning or doing things. The art and skill of making sense of things does not come overnight, I feel. It really comes with a KEEN SENSE OF OBSERVATION and A VERY OPEN MIND IN EXPANDING WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW.

The human mind has the tendency to want to stay within the “comfort” zone, so in order to excel in whatever you do, always CHALLENGE.

Honestly, there is no such thing as “wrong”, what is wrong determined by the definition of the public mass.

Science is the study of things, so essentially, we are living Science everyday even though you do not realize it!

This is how I try to inculcate students the mentality towards approaching learning Chemistry. Of course, I will get down to the books if you really cannot understand.

After all, I am really good at summarizing essential things for you- all you need to do is really to remember all the essential things!

“A” levels is 4 months away:- better to start early than late.  4 months is a good enough time to prep your grades up from F to A, as long as you possess the above skills as mentioned, and SINCERELY want to learn and to do well.

P.S. If you need FREE online teaching, please leave your comments here.

The making of a mini-volcano.

Did you know that ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7 when exposed to heat, will decompose to form Nitrogen gas, Water Vapor and a green compound Chromium III oxide, Cr2O3.

This reaction is highly exothermic, and gives off orange sparks, throws the green Cr2O3 upwards, mimicking the volcanic-effect.

!!!  Hazards  !!! DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME. Ammonium Dichromate causes cancer!

Chromium salts are irritating to the skin and respiratory tracts, and are also carcinogenic.    The best way to do this demonstration is on a large piece of aluminum foil, which can then be used to wrap up the chromium salts produced.

Videos to watch:

It is something like distillation but it is performed for long hours, sometimes overnight to ensure all the reactants are thoroughly boiled.

Watch this short video to have an idea of what reflux conditions are like — and you will understand why reflux are often considered drastic conditions.

A detailed demonstration (2min):

2HI (g) < —- > H2(g) + I2(g)

At 500K, the equilibrium constant, Kc, for the dissociation reaction is 6.25 x 10^-3.  Some pure HI is placed into an evacuated 2.0 dm3 glass tube and heated to 500K. In the equilibrium sample, the concentration of I2 is 3.10 x 10^-5 moldm^-3.

ai) Write an expression for the Kc for the dissociation of HI.
ii) What are the concentrations of H2(g) and HI(g) in this equilibrium mixture at 500K?
iii) How many moles of HI  must have been placed into the 2.0dm3 glass tube originally?

b) At 600K, Kc for the dissociation of HI is 1.56×10^-2. Describe and explain the appearance of the contents in this glass as it is heated to 600K.

c) Hydrogen chloride at 500K undergoes no significant dissociation into its elements. Any dissociation of hydrogen chloride can be completely ignored. What is the pressure in a 750cm3 flask containing 8.20 x 10^-2 mol of pure HCl at 500K?

Once you have the answers, you can post it here

Enjoy!

b) Using the data given below as well as relevant data from the Data Booklet, construct a Born-Haber energy level diagram for zinc chloride.
Electron affinity of chlorine = -346 kJmol-1
Enthalpy change of atomization of zinc = +131 kJmol-1
Enthalpy change of formation of ZnCl2(s) = -451 kJmol-1

Use the energy level diagram to calculate the lattice energy of zinc chloride

c) How would you expect the melting point of zinc chloride to compare with that of zinc bromide?
Explain your reasoning.

If you have the answer, you can post here

For the stronger Chemistry students, this chapter might seem easy to handle, which is a good thing. However, do not be complacent, and always be alert with calculations.

It is easy to make careless mistakes and overlook the number of  zeroes and decimal place.

Also, the mole reacting ratio can be rather challenging at times.

If you need further help ,please feel free to post a comment here

To those who have graduated, congratulations! You have made it!

For those embarking the journey in Chemistry or in the midst, hope you are enjoying the journey thus far, or at least have a better appreciation of Chemistry.

It is always good to start early, so remember to START DOING YOUR SCHOOL HOLIDAY HOMEWORK! hahaha.

Let me know if you need any clarification or assistance.

SALT can be classified as
1) NEUTRAL (usually between strong acids and strong bases. pH = 7, due to hydration only)
2) ACIDIC (usually between strong acids and weak bases. pH < 7 due to conjugate acid of weak base)
3) BASIC  (usually between weak acids and strong bases. pH > 7 due to conjugate base of weak acid) 

If a base is weak, i.e. undergoes partial ionisation; then its conjugate acid also undergoes partial ionisation. Therefore, a weak base has its own Kb value, and thus its conjugate acid will have its own Ka value ( where Ka = Kw/Kb)

Reverse is true for weak acids and its conjugate bases.

In general, for any substance that behaves as a weak acid (recall, Lowry-Brosted theory states that acid donates H+), to calculate pH, 
- [H+] = sq. root (Ka.[acid])
-pH = -lg [H+]

In general, for any substance that behaves as a weak base (recall, Lowry-Brosted theory states that base accepts H+), to calculate pH, 
- [OH-] = sq. root (Kb.[base])
-pOH = -lg [OH-]
-pH = 14 – pOH

Thus a salt can behave as a weak acid or a weak base depending on whether it can accepts or donates H+

Hope this helps !

This is for the electrophilic substitution/ bromination for Phenols and Phenylamines.

1) Br2 (g) in CCl4 —-> mono-substituted phenol/phenylamine
2) Br2 (l)              —–> di-substituted phenol/phenylamine
3) Br2 (ag)           ——> tri-substituted phenol/phenylamine

Another quick revision tip:

Metal-acid reaction is also a reduction/oxidation process

Please remember that in Nucleophilic addition, a racemic mixture is most likely to be formed, unless the reaction is performed naturally by enzymes in living organisms